Principles of Geography

Section-A

Physical Geography
i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; origin and evolution of the earth's crust; physical conditions of the earth's interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy; sea-floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity; earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial, arid, glacial, coastal and karst cycle; groundwater; Applied Geomorphology.

ii) Climatology :
Temperature andpressure belts of the world; heat budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds; monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical cyclones; types and distribution of precipitation; Koppen's and Thornthwaite's classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.

iii) Oceanography :
Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents and tides; marine resources-biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs; sea-level changes.

iv) Biogeography :
Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and conservation measures; social forestry, agro-forestry.

v) Environmental Geography:
Human ecological adaptations; transformation of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservation; ecosystems and their management; global ecological imbalances-problems of pollution, global warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests.

Section-B

Human Geography
i) Perspectives in Human Geography:
A real differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy anddualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of the world; human development indicators.

ii) Economic Geography:
World economic develpment-measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the limits to growth; world agriculture-typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine-causes, effects and remedies; world industries-location patterns and problems; patterns of world trade.

iii) Population and Settlement Geography:
Growth and distribution of world population; demographic atrributes; causes and consequencies of migration; concepts of over-, under- and optimum population; world population problems.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept of primate city and rank-size rule;
functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of urbanisation.

iv) Regional Planning:
Concept ofa region; types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
growth centres and growth poles; regional imbalances; environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable development.

v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography:
System analysis in Human Geography;
Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models; Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen's model of agricultural location; Weber's model of industrial location; Rostov's model of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; laws of international boundaries and frontiers.
Note: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.

Geography of India

Section-A.

i) Physical Setting:
Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries;
structureand relief; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical cyclones and western distrubances; floods and droughts; climatic regions; natural vegetation, soil types and their distributions.

ii) Resources:
Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, and biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and conservation; energy crisis.

iii) Agriculture:
Infrastructure, irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power; institutional factors-land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; agro-and social forestry; green revolution and its socio-economicand ecological implications;
significance of dry farming; livestock resources and white revolution; blue revolution; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones.

iv) Industry:
Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton, jute, iron and steel, fertiliser, paper, drugs and pharmaceutical, automobile and cottage indusries;
industrial complexes and industrial regionalisaiton; new industrial policy; multinationals and liberalisation.

v) Transport, Communication and Trade : Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development;
growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free trade and export promotion zones;
developments in communication technology and its impact on economy and society.

Section-B

i) Cultural Setting:
Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal areas and their problems; role of langague, religion and tradition in the formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of population; demographic attributes-sex-ratio, age structure,literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems, population problems and policies.

ii) Settlements:
Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; urban development; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problems of urbanisaiton.

iii) Regional Development and Planning:
Experience of regional planning in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; panchayati raj and decentralised planning; command area development; watershed management; planning for backward area, desert drought-prone, hill and tribal area development; multi-level planning;geography and regional planning.

iv) Political Aspects:
Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganisation; regional consciousness and national integration; international boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources; India and geopolitics of the Indian Ocean.

v) Contemporary Issues: Environmental hazards-landslides,earthquakes, floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution; changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment and environmental management; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and development.

Note: Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.